Category Archives: Uncategorized

Intel kernel panic

Posted on by
Reply

If you recently had your FreeBSD 12.1 running ThinkPad X250 (or any other laptop with a Intel GPU) crashing systematically on boot, it may be because of the i915kms module from the graphics/drm-kmod port. If you did install this or drm-fbsd12.0-kmod through the packages, you should know that the binary package is only compatible with FreeBSD 12.0. If you want this to work (that is, not to cause a kernel panic), you should compile the port manually [1]. In other words:

portsnap fetch update
cd /usr/ports/graphics/drm-fbsd12.0-kmod
make install clean

Bhyve OpenBSD on FreeNAS

Posted on by
Reply

Lately I’ve been playing with bhyve on FreeBSD and FreeNAS in the prospect of spinning up small VMs for a mini compile farm (and just as an excuse to play around). In this post I will share my experience in installing OpenBSD 6.4 as a bhyve UEFI VM on FreeNAS-11.2 through the new GUI.

This post is divided in three parts. First the creation of the VM through FreeNAS new GUI. Then the installation of OpenBSD from boot to finish. Lastly some bits of documentation and related posts that were helpful along the way.

Create the VM

The installation will go through serial instead of VNC. Also, instead of the CDROM ISO we use a disk image for the installation.

In the FreeNAS GUI, selects Virtual Machines > ADD, then proceed with the wizard. Some parameters of the wizard are pretty obvious, so there won’t be an explanation for each one of them. If need be, check the FreeNAS doc on creating VMs.

Guest Operating System, not exactly sure what this does. Guess it’s basically a template for the next steps of the wizard. Since this is a BSD system, select FreeBSD as this is the closest there is.

We don’t need VNC, so make sure that Enable VNC is unchecked. As for Boot Method, you can select UEFI, you don’t need UEFI-CSM.

For the hard disk in Select Disk Type and similarly for the network interface in Adapter Type, select a VirtIO type.

For the Installation Media, leave it blank. This is for an ISO image but OpenBSD’s installXX.iso didn’t work so we are going to use a raw disk image instead.

Go ahead and create the VM. But don’t start it yet. We have to add a raw disk device.

Fetch installXX.fs from OpenBSD download page, and put it somewhere on the FreeNAS host. For the following, I’ll assume this is install64.fs.

Then select Devices > ADD for the VM. Select Type: Raw File and Raw File: the location of install64.fs on the FreeNAS host. Also Mode: VirtIO; Device Order: 1003 (the device order is important, otherwise the OpenBSD install would incorrectly guess the target device); Raw filesize: 1 (which means 1GB).

Now you can start the VM and open the Serial console. You should be greeted by:

>> OpenBSD/amd64 BOOTX64 3.40
boot>

Time to install OpenBSD!

Install OpenBSD

You are on the serial console with the OpenBSD install bootloader waiting for you. On the console boot>, type set tty com0, then boot.

Do not directly start the installation, we first have to create the EFI partition, so select (S)hell instead. At the command prompt, create the EFI partition as described below, then start the install.

## Check that sd0 is the correct target device
# disklabel -p M sd0
...
16 partitions:
#                size           offset  fstype [fsize bsize   cpg]
  c:         15625.0M                0  unused

## Initialise a GPT partition table with the special boot partition on sd0.
# fdisk -iyg -b 960 sd0
Writing MBR at offset 0.
Writing GPT.

## Start the installer
# install

At the partitioning step, select (O)penBSD area. We will setup a single root partition layout. You should know that the OpenBSD bootloader likes its root partition on slice a of the first hard disk, so we create the layout that way.

# Check the current partition
> p M
OpenBSD area: 1024-31999937; size: 15624.5M; free: 15624.5M
#                size           offset  fstype [fsize bsize   cpg]
  c:         15625.0M                0  unused                    
  i:             0.5M               64   MSDOS 

# Start with the root partition.
# Again, the bootloader likes it that way.
> a
...
size: {your-root-partition-size}M
FS type: 4.2BSD
mount point: /

# Now the swap partition
> a
...
FS type: swap

# Check again
> p M
OpenBSD area: 1024-31999937; size: 15624.5M; free: 0.0M
#                size           offset  fstype [fsize bsize   cpg]
  a:         15493.9M             1024  4.2BSD   2048 16384     1 # /
  b:           130.5M         31732576    swap               
  c:         15625.0M                0  unused                 
  i:             0.5M               64   MSDOS

# Quit and save
> q
Write new label?: y

Proceed with the installation and the file sets and once you are done, reboot in your new system. Remove the Raw File device from the VM and on the VM itself, use syspatch to patch the base system. Finally reboot and you are done!

Relevant bits of documentation

Drop TCP connections

Posted on by
Reply

On FreeBSD you can drop existing TCP connection using the tcpdrop command. For instance you can drop all ESTABLISHED connections using tcpdrop -s ESTABLISHED. Or you can even list them all with:

$ tcpdrop -la
tcpdrop ::1 59298 ::1 1180
tcpdrop 10.0.0.10 59299 163.172.87.245 80
tcpdrop 10.0.0.10 59300 163.172.87.245 22
tcpdrop 10.0.0.10 59301 96.47.72.84 443

Notice the fun thing here. Those are actual commands that you can use to drop the connections. In fact you can use this to filter which connection you want to drop. For example:

# Drop all but SSH connections
tcpdrop -la | grep -vw 22 | sh

# Drop all incoming HTTP connections
tcpdrop -la | grep -v " 80 " | sh

# Drop all connections to a specific IP
tcpdrop -la | grep -vw 8.8.8.8 | sh

This can be useful for instance on a desktop when you just switched interface, or say just started a VPN daemon, and want all prior TCP connections not originating from your new addresses to be killed. Then you would just add those IP you would like to keep and filter them out:

# List of IPs you want to keep
echo 192.168.1.122 > keep-ip.txt
echo 10.0.0.10 >> keep-ip.txt

tcpdrop -la | grep -Ev "(::1|127.0.0.1)" | grep -vwf keep-ip.txt | sh

Automount not working with FreeBSD 12

Posted on by
Reply

FreeBSD 12 is out. This is great! However I had the surprise to find that the automount feature didn’t work in KDE, probably also Gnome, XFCE and any other desktop environment that provide such a feature.

The culprit was easy to find, the Hardware Abstraction Layer has not yet updated to the peculiarities of the latest FreeBSD release.

See, when HAL tries to mount a vfat filesystem on FreeBSD, it adds by default the large option which according to FreeBSD 11.2 mount_msdosfs’s manpage provide support for very large files (>128GB). This option, however, was removed in FreeBSD 12. Thus automount fails.

To temporarily fix this, edit /usr/local/share/hal/fdi/policy/10osvendor/20-storage-methods.fdi. Then remove the large option in the vfat match for FreeBSD. That is:

  <match key="volume.fstype" string="vfat">
    <match key="/org/freedesktop/Hal/devices/computer:system.kernel.name" string="Linux">
      ...
  </match>
  <match key="/org/freedesktop/Hal/devices/computer:system.kernel.name" string="FreeBSD">
    ...
    <!-- <append key="volume.mount.valid_options" type="strlist">large</append> -->
  </match>

This was already reported in #221709.

Don’t forget the pipe subshell

Posted on by
Reply

This is a common error while using pipe over while loops. Consider this shell snippet:

#!/bin/sh

cat file.txt | while read line
do
  echo "inside loop"
  exit 1
done

echo "outside loop"
exit 0

You’d expect the script to exit on the first line in file.txt. However execute this script and you have:

inside loop
outside loop

It is as if the exit 1 inside the loop is ignored. Another example:

#!/bin/sh

a=0
cat file.txt | while read line
do
  echo "inside loop"
  a=1
done

echo "outside loop"
echo "a=$a"

Here you’d expect the value of a to be 1 at the end of the script. Instead, if you execute this you have:

inside loop
outside loop
a=0

It’s as if the variable a isn’t even updated. In fact it is, though only inside the loop. So what is happening here?

The pipe (|) you use to feed the loop creates a subshell. In fact this is really just another process. So the exit 1 or a=1 only apply to these piped processes.

How can you fix that?
In the simple case presented above, you can simply use file redirection:

while read line
do
  ...
done < file.txt

But what if you really want to feed the loop with the output of another process. Like you would do with find for instance.

If you use bash you can use process substitution as described here. But you shouldn’t use bash for scripting anyway. For shell scripting you might be tempted to use a temporary file to store the process output:

# Use a temporary file.
tmp=$(mktemp)
find . > $tmp
while read line
do
  ...
done < $tmp 
rm $tmp

However this consumes disk space, and the loop only starts after the find process exited. Another option would be to use a named fifo:

fifo=$(mktemp -u)
mkfifo $fifo
find . > $fifo &

while read file
do
  ...
done < $fifo
rm $fifo

This time you create a single file, yet no disk space is used (apart for the fifo inode itself). Also the find command is a child process, so the loop reads find output as it comes.

Although the version above already works as it should, you may want to use an anonymous fifo. This way you only need to create a fifo file, although you can delete it immediatly. You can achieve this with a little help from our beloved file descriptor 3.

fifo=$(mktemp -u)

# Create fifo
mkfifo $fifo

# Create fd 3 and unlink fifo file.
exec 3<> $fifo
rm $fifo

# Redirect find to fd 3.
find . >&3 &

# Feed fd 3 to while loop.
while read line
do
  ...
done <&3 # Close fd 3. exec 3>&-

Epson 3490 Scanner

Posted on by
Reply

This is an information that tends to be forgotten on the Internet, so I’m publishing it here. How to get an Epson Perfection 3490 Photo scanner running under Linux, FreeBSD or whatever. Paths may change on your system, so you may need to adapt the instructions below.

1. Install xsane.

2. Download the Epson firmwares. For the Epson 3490, you need esfw52.bin. You may find this file on Internet, although it tends to disappear. But in any case you can also find this file here.

3. Uncompress the firmwares. That is, sudo tar -Jxvf epson-firmwares.tar.xz -C /usr/local/share/sane.

4. Modify /usr/local/etc/sane.d/snapscan.conf, change the firmware line to point to the esfw52.bin firmware. That is following the commands above, change the firmware line to firmware /usr/local/share/sane/epson-firmwares/esfw52.bin.

If you are running FreeBSD

You should still ensure that you can use the scanner as a normal user.

5.Let’s change the owner of the scanner so that it’s available to users in the saned group. Create /etc/devd/saned.conf and add:

notify 100 {
  match "system" "USB";
  match "subsystem" "INTERFACE";
  match "type" "ATTACH";
  match "cdev" "ugen[0-9].[0-9]";
  match "vendor" "0x04b8";
  match "product" "0x0122";
  action "chown -L cups:saned /dev/$cdev && chmod -L 660 /dev/$cdev";
};

Notice the 0x4b8:0x0122, identifying the scanner USB device which you can get from the lsusb command while the scanner is plugged in.

6.Restart devd with service devd restart.

7.Add yourself to the saned group with sudo pw groupmod saned -m {{your-user}}

8.You may need to log in again so that new group changes are taken into account.

Fastd and truncated IP

Posted on by
Reply

You might have guessed from the last post that I’ve been playing a bit with Fastd the last few days.

However I had some surprises after successfully configuring my first tunnel. Light traffic such as ping would go through without problem. But larger traffic such as rsync transfers or downloading/uploading files would hang endlessly.

At the remote side of the tunnel, I looked with tcpdump at the traffic out of the tun interface. Packets were going through, although packets with a large payload were apparently truncated:

truncated-ip6 - 4 bytes missing
truncated-ip - 4 bytes missing

Indeed large packets were 4 bytes shorter than intended both for IPv4 and IPv6 traffic. This sounded a lot like some kind of MTU mismatch in the tunnel itself. Still, both sides of the tunnel were configured with the same MTU. Also, Fastd ensures that both sides use the same MTU during the tunnel creation.

So what is it? I don’t know. I did not investigate further. But I’ve found a workaround.
Once the tunnel is created, I simply reduce the MTU on the entry/client side interface of the tunnel of 4B. That is in the establish script:

mtu=$(("$INTERFACE_MTU" - 4))
ifconfig "$INTERFACE" mtu "$mtu"

That’s still weird though. So I’d like to find some definitive answer as to why this is happening.

Fastd on FreeBSD

Posted on by
Reply

Fastd is nice and small secure tunneling daemon. A bit like OpenVPN, if you wish, but geared toward small devices, simpler in its design and in some ways more generic.

There was a FreeBSD port, but it has been marked as broken. The fix, however, is very simple, if you accept to get rid of AES128 and instead use the SALSA stream cipher: 

cmake -DWITH_CIPHER_AES128_CTR=FALSE CMakeLists.txt
make
make install